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Rare Book Buyer: We Buy Old and Rare Books bio picture

We Buy Old and Rare Books and Entire Libraries

This is the blog for our site RareBookBuyer.com We are always interested in buying old and rare books.  With limitations (due to the number of emails we receive),  even if your books are not for us, we will try our best to offer quick evaluations (not legal appraisals) as well as some places that you might
explore selling them.

This blog will be also be a running log of some interesting rare book purchases we have made and books we have handled.  This way, over time, we can keep a slightly more permanent public record of them.   Internet descriptions are so fleeting and generally when a book is sold, the catalogue description these days is quickly taken down and made unavailable to scholars and other book collectors doing  research.

Secondly, as the main purpose of our site is to purchase old and rare books, we also hope that this blog will indicate by example what type of material we do purchase.   Don't be afraid to write us if your books are not as old or as important looking as the books on this blog!  Not all rare and valuable books appear rare and valuable and age alone is not the determining factor. 

Feel free to email us at WeBuyRareBooks@gmail.com, use the contact tab above, or call 646-469-1851.   Digital photos are VERY helpful.  We are located in NYC at 222 East 34th St (by appointment ONLY)







VERY RARE 1618 COPY OF JOHN STOW’S CHRONICLE

STOW’S CHRONICLE WAS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ELIZABETHAN SOURCE BOOKS

BURNING OF WITCHES,
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE,
DISCOVERY AND COLONIZATION OF VIRGINIA

The Book:

John Stow; (edited and continued by) Edmund Howes . The abridgement of the English chronicle : first collected by M. John Stow, and after him augmented with very many memorable antiquities, and continued with matters forreine and domesticall, vnto the beginning of the yeare, 1618. London : [By Edward Allde and Nicholas Okes], 1618. COMPLETE. [11 of 12, lacking only blank A8 as in Macclesfield copy], 568 [i.e. 564 (due to page numeration error), 16] p. ; 8vo, 16cm., Page numeration errors (but no missing leaves); p. 465-466 and 487-488 are mis-numbered. Printers’ names, not explicit on t.p., taken from STC. Early calf worn as depicted, boards partially separated, some toning, later endpapers, occasional worming, ample title page margins with hand drawn borders, a page of the table re-margined with no loss, interesting marginalia including a 4 line poem on the lower margin of 242, presumably referring to King Henry VIII and employing similar phrasing to Macbeth with “hath no end”. Occasional signatures of early owners on 2 leaves , later provenance of Charles Frederick Tootal. A 17th century hand rightfully notes “thus far Stow” on p. 436, indicating the continuation of the Chronicle by Howes. VERY RARE. All of Stow’s and Howe’s early Chronicles are rare; they were very popular and often read to shreds, accounting for the poor condition of surviving copies. THE ABPC lists only two copies of the 1618 at auction in 30 years; the last, the Macclesfield copy described as “Lacking blank A8; blank A1 becoming detached; a few small tears with marginal loss” and a second copy in poorer shape than the present listed as “rebacked, rubbed – Dampstained throughout; some foxing & soiling.” [SOLD]

This is Howe’s continuation of Stow’s famous Elizabethan Chronicle. It was issued in several editions, starting in 1610, each adding to the previous to keep it up-to-date. Howe evidently labored five years on its preparation, compiling important source material firsthand including a list of all the principle fairs held throughout England and Wales (appended). This edition is of particular interest to Shakespeare scholars as it recounts the burning of the famous Globe Theatre in 1613, noted for its performances by Shakespeare and his associates. Additionally, it provides important Shakespearean literary references and background information. For instance, in the Winter’s Tale, where we hear of “Gloves as sweet as damask roses,” Howes offers some insightful historical context to perfumed gloves. He states (spelling partly altered) that the English could not ” make any costly wash or perfume, until about the fourteenth or fifteenth of the Queen [Elizabeth] the right honourable Earle of Oxford came from Italy, and brought with him gloves, sweet bagges, a perfumed leather jerkin, and other pleasant things: and that year the Queen had a pair of perfumed gloves trimmed with foure tuftes, or roses, of cullered silke. The queene took such pleasure in those gloves, that she was pictured with those gloves upon her hands: and for many years after it was called the Earle of Oxford’s perfume.

The rest of the work is likewise filled with fascinating historical tidbits from tales of Burnt Witches (p. 172), to when Queen Elizabeth I granted Sir Walter Raleigh a charter for the colonization of the area of North America known as Virginia (p. 512)

 

LARGE 16th CENTURY MANUSCRIPT ON VELLUM

ANTIPHONARY / CHOIR BOOK

 

MANUSCRIPT ON VELLUM. [s.l., s.d c. 16th century Spain]. Antiphonary and Choir book for the Common of Saints (Commune Sanctorum) supplemented by a certain number of votive Masses. LARGE FOLIO., approx. 51 cm x 35. (iPhone in photo for size comparison) Reversed calf over wood boards, faint impressions of metal fixtures. Approx 160 pages, some leaves apparently lost, some repairs, darkening to vellum as always. An impressive volume, and certainly a conversation piece. [SOLD]


PRINTED 1535: EXCEEDINGLY RARE DIALOG OF THE THREE BLIND MEN

THE STORY OF THREE BLIND LOVERS WHO CONSULT A WOODLAND ORACLE

EARLY AND INFLUENTIAL ITALIAN RENAISSANCE DRAMATIC LITERATURE

2 WOODCUTS OF THE STAGGERING BLIND MEN
.

The Book:

Antonio, Marsi. Cecaria : Tragicomedia del Epicura Napolitano [pseud.], intitulata la Cecaria, nuouamente aggiontoui un bellissimo lamento del Geloso con la Luminaria nõ piu posta in luce, con ogni diligentia reuista, corretta, & ristampata. Colophon: [Stampata in Vinegia per Nicolo d'Aristotile detto Zoppino ... MDXXXV. (1535)] Woodcut illus. on t.-p. and p. [44]; printer’s mark on p. [61]. Collation: COMPLETE. [61] p. : 2 illus (of the Three Bling Men as depicted), 1 repeat; 15 cm., t.p. with minor wear at lower margin, some toning and occasional light staining.; c. 19th cen. Italian marbled pasteboards with wear and some loss to spine. The verso of the last flyleaf contains a (likely original) Italian sonnet worthy of further study, possibly, as has been suggested, a manuscript section of an Opera libretto by Alessandro Stradella ( 1639-1682). It should be noted that passages of the Cecaria were traditionally set to music and sung. Extremely Rare at auction; no copies appear in the ABPC and the last copy of this or any edition in the records sold at Sotheby’s Feb. 3, 1947, presumably the Langley Park copy.  [SOLD]

Epicuro’s Cecaria (1525) is largely the story of three blind lovers who go to consult a woodland oracle about their destiny. This dramatic eclogue found its way directly into passages Garcilaso de la Vega’s Eclogue I. As the most influential poet to introduce Italian Renaissance verse forms to Spain, Garcilaso de la Vega’s reliance on Epicuro’s Cecaria stands as a clear example of the international reach and influence of early 16th century Italian dramatic literature.

 

IMPORTANT AND RARE WORKS ON ROMAN LAW BY TWO FAMOUS FRENCH JURISTS

PRINTED 1536-1576: TWO SEPARATE BOOKS BOUND in ONE

[I] Caballinus de Cingulo, Gasparus [Pseud.] DuMoulin, Charles. De eo quod interest tractatus ad theoricam praximque utilissimus : Accessit brevis et analytica discussio de inofficiosis testamentis, donationibus et dotibus : Discutitur etiam quaestio una ad materiam … l. si unquam C. de reuo. dona. spectans, de donatione in contractu matrimonii celebtrata Coloniae Agripp : Jo. Gymnic, 1576. [16], 444 p

Bound with…

[II] Stephani de Phedericis Brixiensis, De Interpretatione Iuris, Commentarii IIII. iam recens studiosis restituti, & à mendis quantum fieri potuit, repurgati. Stephanus de PHEDERICIS. De Interpretatione Iuris, Commentarii IIII. Lyons: Jean Barbous, alias le Normand, for Jean Frellon, 1536. 8°. Final blank. Woodcut device on title, woodcut initials. (Worming to lower blank margins of M8 to the end, some old staining.) 8vo., [8]., 201, [1]., [10], Baudrier V,p.172. Attractive binding of limp decorated vellum. First t.p. with inner gutter re-margined. first few lvs and last index lvs with minor dampstaining, some light browning, late 17th century annotations, some occasional lower marginal dampstaining. Overall, an attractive volume.

Two works on Roman laws. While Dumoulin is certainly the more famous French jurist, the second 1536 volume is especially rare and was cited by Hugo Grotius. “Dumoulin gained his great reputation, being regarded by his contemporaries as the prince of jurisconsults. His remarkable erudition and breadth of view had a considerable effect on the subsequent development of French law. He was a bitter enemy of feudalism, which he attacked in his Defendis (1539)” [Wikipedia]

 

PRINTED BY PAULUS MANUTIUS, the great Venetian printer and humanist

PRINTED 1554: FAMOUS COMPENDIUM OF ANCIENT MEDICAL SOURCES- SOME ONLY FOUND IN ORIBASIUS

WITH THE SPLENDID ALDINE DOLPHIN AND ANCHOR

The Book:

Oribasius; Giovanni Battista Rasario; Manuzio family.. Oribasii Sardiani Synopseos ad Eustathium filium libri novem : quibus tota medicina in compendium redacta continetur. Venetiis : Apud Paulum Manutium, Aldi filium, 1554. Colophon: Venetiis, Apvd Pavlvm Manvtivm, Aldi filivm, M. D. LIIII. Aldine device on t.p. and verso of final leaf. COMPLETE. 216 leaves ; 16 cm. References: Adams O 272; Renouard 159, 7; Durling 3411; Wellcome I, 4648; Handome copy in limp vellum, light spotting, minor inner marginal stain to last leaves, old discoloration of removed ex-libris on upper front pasetdown. FIRST LATIN EDITION. Rare in a contemporary binding in such nice condition; a similar copy sold Reiss & Sohn 2006 EURO 1624.00 [SOLD]

“Oribasius or Oreibasius (Greek: Ορειβάσιος) (c. 320–400) was a Greek medical writer and the personal physician of the Roman emperorJulian the Apostate. He studied at Alexandria under physician Zeno of Cyprus[1] before joining Julian’s retinue. He was involved in Julian’s coronation in 361, and remained with the emperor until Julian’s death in 363. In the wake of this event, Oribasius was banished to foreign courts for a time, but was later recalled by the emperor Valens. Oribasius’s major works, written at the behest of Julian, are two collections of excerpts from the writings of earlier medical scholars, a collection of excerpts from Galen and the Collectiones, a massive compilation of excerpts from other medical writers of the ancient world. The first of these works is entirely lost, and only 25 of the 70 (or 72) books of the Collectiones survive. This work preserves a number of excerpts from older writers whose writings have otherwise been lost, and has thus been valuable to modern scholars. The earliest known description of a string figure, presented as the surgical sling Plinthios Brokhos by Greek physician Heraklas, is among the preserved material” [Worldcat]

PRINTED 1502: HANDSOME FIRST ALDINE EDITION OF STATIUS WITH THE ORTHOGRAPHIA

WITH THE FAMOUS ANCHOR AND DOLPHIN

A major character in the Purgatory section of Dante’s epic poem The Divine Comedy

[P Papinius Statius; Aldo Manuzio; Markos Mousouros; Giovanni Gioviano Pontano] STATIUS. [Opere.] Venice: Aldus, 1502. 3 parts, including ‘Orthographia et Flexus Dictionum Graecarum’, in one volume. Imprint from colophon. Colophon: Venetiis in aedibus Aldi. mense augusto M, DII. Includes the “Orthographia” ([40] leaves) which precedes the main work and has title: Orthographia et flexus dictionum graecarum omnium apud Statium cum accentib. et generib. ex variis utriusque linguae autorib. Printer’s device on leaf. Collation: a-e8, a-z8,A-F8, G4, A-B8, C4. [41]. [296] leaves ; 8vo., 15 cm. Dedicatory letters by Aldus Manutius to Ioannes Pontanus at beginning of the Sylvae; to Marcus Musurus at beginning of the Orthographia. 19th century full calf, hinges weak with front hinge starting, gilt dentelles, light browing to Orthographia t.p., some light stains, generally an attractive copy internally. BMC, Vol 24, p. 116 (872); Renouard, p. 35, No 7; Isaac 12781; Adams S-1670

This is the FIRST ALDINE EDITION of Publius Papinius Statius (ca. 45, Naples – ca. 96 AD, Naples), the ” Roman poet of the 1st century CE (Silver Age of Latin literature). Besides his poetry in Latin, which include an epic poem, the Thebaid, a collection of occasional poetry, the Silvae, and the unfinished epic, the Achilleid, he is best known for his appearance as a major character in the Purgatory section of Dante’s epic poem The Divine Comedy.” The Orthographia which opens the book, and is sometimes absent or bound the end, is a etymological dictionary of the Greek words used by Statius.

 

PRINTED 1583: RARE ERASMUS BOOK AND VELLUM BINDING

He who cries “crocodile tears”, or will “call a spade a spade”,

or needs to “start from scratch”

ORIGINAL LIMP VELLUM RETAINING STRING TIES

The Book:

[Desiderius Erasmus;] Epitome adagiorvm D. Erasmi Roterodami : in locos digesta commvnes : singulari fide recognita, & multis aucta locis, in quibus antea manca videbatur : huic adiecta proximè, pars altera auctorum sane multorum, qui prouerbia post Erasmum ediderunt. Parisiis : Apud Ægidium Beys, sub signo Lilij albi, via Iacobæa, 1583.   8 vo., 579 pgs + index; evidently this was expanded with a supplemental volume entitled Adagiorvm Omnivm Qvæ A Ivnio, Cæterisqve, Post Erasmi Chiliadas, in lucem prodierunt, Epitome. Cui acce[ss]ere recens Proverbiorvm Collectanea, nunquam antehac edita … Pars Altera; not present here; text block very partially detached, loss to first blank, rubbing to t.p., some staining,  pages 381-4 with partial upper loss,  partial loss to last blank,  some dampstaining, minor inner marginal worming, 289 -329 with thin line upper text wormhole with minor loss; retains original string ties.  [SOLD]

The Adagium is an annotated collection of Greek and Latin adages, compiled during the Renaissance by Erasmus, the famous Dutch humanist. According to Speroni (1964, p. 1), Adagia is one of “the most monumental collections of [...] adagia ever assembled”.  The Adages formed a core part of Renaissance education and had a profound impact on literary style and development.  It is, perhaps next to Shakespeare and the King James Bible, the text that provided the greatest number of commonplace sayings in the English language.

Many of the adages have become commonplace in our everyday language, and we owe our use of them to Erasmus. Among these are: ‘make haste slowly’, ‘one step at a time,’ ‘to be in the same boat’ etc…

 

PRINTED 1658: EXTREMELY RARE MINISCULE “PEARL BIBLE”

PRINTED 1658: A REMARKABLE “PEARL BIBLE” KNOWN FOR ITS MINISCULE TYPE

EXTREMELY RARE IN GOOD CONDITION

THE ONLY BIBLE ISSUED UNDER CROMWELL’S ORDER FOR DISTRIBUTION TO HIS SOLDIERS

The Holy Bible : containing the Old Testament and the New newly translated out of the originall tongues and with the former translations diligently compared and revised by his Majesties speciall command. London : printed by John Field one of His Highness’s printers, 1658. 2 vols in 1 (O.T. and N.T) bound with… [Church of Scotland. General Assembly.] Psalms of David in meeter. Newly translated, and diligently compared with the original text, and former translations : More plain, smooth, and agreeable to the text, then any heretofore. Edinburgh, : Printed by A.A. for James Miller, and are to be sold at his shop, in the Cow-gate, on the east side of the Colledge-Wynd, at the sign of St. John the Divine., 1670. 24 mo., only 10.5 cm x 6.5 cm., COMPLETE. T.p., slighty soiled with handsome London engraving, some minor browning, N.T. title page with old rebacking but no loss. Handsome early binding with “W.B.” initials in gilt, possibly a Scottish binding due to the Edinburgh printed Psalms or possibly a Dutch fish-skin styled binding. Provenance: Allard, Joachim (1838-1917), missionary and cleric, “born in 1838 in St. Joachim de Chateauguay, Quebec. He studied in Montreal and entered St. Sulpice seminary in 1862. He was ordained in 1865, and followed Archbishop Tache into the Northwest. He joined the Oblates in St. Boniface in Manitoba, and studied Cree and Ojibwa. He was the first missionary in Fort Alexander in 1876. ”

This remarkable and beautiful bible, is known as the “Pearl Bible,” from the miniscule type with which it was printed. Most 19th century bibliographers cite it as extremely rare in good condition and the copy for sale here is a handsome and complete example. Rev. Allard who owned the Bible cites Graesse on the flyleaf as stating that “on la trouve rarement intacte.” Lowndes cites the Williams’s and Roxburghe catalogues and reiterates “One of the most correct and beautiful editions of the Bible, seldom found in good preservation. Williams, 199,. in fish-skin, 11. 16».; Roxburghe 17, SI. 17*.” Additionally the Bible received mention in D’ Israeli’s Curiosities of Literature (d’Israeli, Curios. of Lit. Vol. III. p.-388.) It appears that Lowndes overlooked many of the errors found in the text, and others describe the work as a bibliographical curiosity and, in fact, as one of the most incorrect versions, even giving it the appellation of “Bastard’s Field Bible”

It is interesting to note that the Williams catalog calls attention to a “Fish-skin” binding. While there have been fish-skin bindings, this more probably refers to the slightly unusual fish-skin styled grain of the morocco as in the present example. There is some supposition that the edition is in fact a counterfeit one, made in Holland for the English market, but this appears inconclusive. Additionally some references point out without clear proof, that the Pearl Bible was intended for the Commonwealth Army and Navy as a pocket Bible and that it was the only Bible printed under Cromwell’s clear order for such distribution.

For price comparison only, a similar copy in a “Scottish binding,” though listed as imperfect (w.a.f) sold for $325 almost 30 years ago. See: Bible in English – [Bible]. L: John Field, 1658 – Bound in 2 vols. 24mo, – 18th-cent mor Scottish bdg. ;- Sold w.a.f – Christie’s, May 19, 1982, lot 148A, £180 ($325.80), Maggs – Herbert 664

PRINTED 1700: EXTREMELY RARE AND IMPORTANT COLLECTION OF CHINESE TRACTS

 

DIRECTLY LED TO THE END OF CHRISTIAN MISSIONARY WORK IN CHINA

A FUNDAMENTAL WORK OF COMPARATIVE RELIGION

NO COPIES IN 30 YEARS OF AMERICAN AUCTION RECORDS

4 VOLS in 1; Vol 2 with all six parts- COMPLETE

VOL I [Noël Alexandre] Conformité des Ceremonies Chinoises avec l’idolatrie Grecque et Romaine pour servir de confirmation à l’Apologie des Dominicains Missionnaires de la Chine. A Cologne : Chez les heritiers de Corneille d’Egmond, 1700 with the 1 leaf Censura Sacræ Facultatis Theologiæ Parisiensis granting printing permission. [Likely, the Cologne imprint is fictitious, and it is more reasonably a  Paris or Amsterdam imprint similar to the contemporary Jesuit publications of Jesuits Michel le Tellier and Charles le Gobien.]  BOUND WITH… VOL II (containing all six parts):  Lettre d’un docteur de l’ordre de S. Dominique (le P. Noël Alexandre) sur les cérémonies de la Chine, au R.P. Lecomte, de la Compagnie de Jésus, confesseur de Madame la Duchesse de Bourgogne : [suivi de] ; Lettre de messieurs des missions étrangères au Pape, sur les idôlatries et les superstitions chinoises : [suivi de] ; II. Lettre d’un docteur de l’ordre de Saint Dominique sur les cérémonies de la Chine, au Révérend Père Dez, provincial des jésuites : [suivi de] ; III. Lettre d’un docteur de l’ordre de St. Dominique au R.P. Le Comte, confesseur de Madame la Duchesse de Bourgogne, sur son système de l’ancienne religion de la Chine : [suivi de] ;  III. Lettre d’un docteur de l’ordre de St. Dominique au R.P. Lecomte, confesseur de Madame la Duchesse de Bourgogne sur son système de l’ancienne religion de la Chine : [suivi de] ; IV. Lettre d’un docteur en théologie de l’ordre de Saint Dominique sur l’idôlatrie et les superstitions de la Chine, au révérend Père Dez, provincial des jésuites : [suivi de] ; 6 ; V. Lettre d’un docteur en théologie de l’ordre de Saint Dominique sur l’idôlatrie et les superstitions de la Chine au révérend Père Dez, provincial des jésuites : [suivi de] ; VI. Lettre d’un docteur en théologie de l’ordre de SAint Dominique sur l’idôlatrie et les superstitions de la Chine au révérend père Dez, provincial des jésuites  BOUND WITH… VOL III:  La bonne foy des anciens jesuites missionaires de la Chine sur l’idolatrie des chinois dans le culte qu’ils rendent à Confucius & aux morts : demontrée par des extraits fidéles des livres des RR. peres Athanase Kirchere, Nicolas Trigaut, Alexandre de Rhodes & autre, envoyés à un ami avec quelques reflexiones sur les nouveaux sentimens des RR. PP. Jesuites. [S.l. : s.n., 1700?, presumed  C. d'Egmont ] BOUND WITH… VOL IV: [Noël Alexandre]  Lettre d’une personne de pieté, Sur un Ecrit des Jesuites contre la Censure de quelques propositions de leurs PP. le comte, le Gobien, etc. touchant la Religion et le cults des Chinois, faite par la Faculté de Théologie de Paris. Cologne : C. d’Egmont, 1701.   The Binding:  8 vo.,  16 cm., contemporary French calf, raised bands and gilt, some rubbing to hinges, slight wear to head and foot of spine; interally, some browning, but generally an attractive copy.  EXTREMELY RARE.  No copies appearing of the fundamental work in the ABPC database for over 30 years. [SOLD]

This is a fascinating, very important, and extremely rare collection of tracts.  Written by the Dominican Noël Alexandre, it was the “last major salvo” in the famous Chinese rites controversy concerning the evangelization of China.  It was highly influential in the final decision of the Pope Clement XI, who made the assessment that Confucian rituals were indeed in conflict with Christian teaching.  This in turn led the Kangxi emperor, professing disgust at the ignorance of the Europeans, to ban Christian missions in China, a situation not rectified until 1939.   Additionally, the first work present here, the Conformités des cérémonies chinoises avec l’idolatrie grecque et romaine and Sept lettres sur les cérémonies de la Chine, is considered a pioneering work in the study of comparative religion, through its analysis and comparison of Chinese ceremonies to those pagan rituals of the Greeks and Romans.

The copy at Stanford University, which conforms with the present copy, has been digitally reproduced by Octavo books as one of the world’s great books on their “Rare Book Room” Site.

There is also a fascinating description of the present work:
See:   http://www.rarebookroom.org/pdfDescriptions/alecon.pdf

http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/alecon/index.html

 

 

 

DATED 1676: IMPORTANT 17th CENTURY AMERICAN DEED

WITH THE EXCEEDINGLY RARE SURVIVING SEAL OF THE MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY

Indian holding an arrow pointed down in a gesture of peace, with the words “Come over and help us”

 

[Americana] [Manuscript]  Massachusetts Bay Colony Deed on paper, dated 28 year of the reign of Lord King Charles Second the 8th of November 1676.  In Frame approx. 85 x 70 cm., out of frame 59 x 45.  Will only be shipped in frame (i.e. not rolled). Retaining the extremely rare Indian seal intact of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and SIGNED by John Leverett as governor. Provenance: Full Provenance back to the Heath and Williams  families  (who came to America in the early 1600s) provided to purchaser incl. Maj General William Heath, the famous major general in the Continental Army.  Condition as depicted.  [SOLD]

Regarding the value of this deed, I can locate no records in  30 years of the ABPC auction records,  30 + years of the records in Americana Exchange, or Heritage Auctions complete archives for a Mass. Bay Colony document that has retained the famous seal.

John Leverett was an English colonial magistrate, merchant, soldier and governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.  See his full biography on Wikipedia:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Leverett

The Seal of the Massachusetts Bay Colony:

In 1629, King Charles I granted a charter to the Massachusetts Bay Colony, which included the authority to use a seal. It featured an Indian holding an arrow pointed down in a gesture of peace, with the words “Come over and help us,” emphasizing the missionary and commercial intentions of the original colonists. This seal was used until 1686, shortly after the charter was annulled, and again from 1689-1692. “[Ref: http://www.sec.state.ma.us/pre/presea/sealhis.htm]

“The Indian’s inferiority is demonstrated by his lack of clothing: He is wearing nothing but a loincloth made of leaves, not unlike the wardrobe Adam and Eve were supposed to have put together after eating the apple, a biblical reference that would not have been lost on a Puritan viewer. He is shown as living in a state of almost unadulterated nature, with no housing or society depicted. There are only a couple of trees, a bow, and an arrow, implying that whatever society the eastern Indians had developed revolved around warfare. The irony of the seal is that, in fact, the English settlers generally had no interest in helping the Indians and the Indians did not want English “help.” Of course, the Indians were not in a position to impede the English settlers from achieving their vision of settling America and, as a result, the English helped themselves to the land, usually at the expense of the native tribes.  ” [Ref: http://www.irwinator.com/126/wdoc36.htm]